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Which of the following statements are CORRECT? Ionic bonds form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms. Ionic bond formation is always exothermic, covalent bond formation is always endothermic. 1 and 2 1,2 , and 3 3 only 1 only 2 only

Which of the following statements are CORRECT? Ionic bonds form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms. Ionic bond formation is always exothermic, covalent bond formation is always endothermic. 1 and 2 1,2 , and 3 3 only 1 only 2 only

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Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
  1. Ionic bonds form when one or more valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
  2. Covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons between atoms.
  3. Ionic bond formation is always exothermics covalient bond formation is always endothermic.
    1 and 2
    1,2 , and 3
    3 only
    I only
    2 only

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This is a short reading exercise on reindexing. There is no standard name to this operation. Some people call it shifting the summation. Consider the notation for a series P∞ n=1 an. The symbol n is called the index of summation. The lower bound of the series is 1 . If we write P∞ n=u bn, then the lower bound of the series is u. Reindexing means to change lower bound of the series without changing the series. For example, the series 1 + 1 4 + 1 9 + 1 16 + 1 25 + • • • can be written as P∞ n=1 1 n2 or P∞ n=3 1 (n−2)2 . Please verify this by writing down the first few terms of both series. Therefore, we have an equality between series X∞ n=1 1 n2 = X∞ n=3 1 (n − 2)2 Notice we DO NOT simply replace n = 1 by n = 3. The expression for the terms of the series also have to change for the equality to hold. To reindex by symbolic manipulation, we introduce a change of variable. In this example, we start with the series P∞ n=1 1 n2 . We wish to reindex from n = 1 to n = 3, meaning the lower bound of the series changes from n = 1 to n = 3 without changing the series. We introduce m = n + 2 (because m = 3 when n = 1 ). Isolate for n to get n = m − 2, and we replace every occurrence of n in the series by the expression on the right-hand side (which is m − 2 in this example). The series becomes X∞ n=1 1 n2 = X∞ m−2=1 1 (m − 2)2 ( replace n by m − 2) = X∞ m=3 1 (m − 2)2 ( reorganize the lower bound of summation) = X∞ n=3 1 (n − 2)2 (change m back to n ) In general, if we wish to reindex a series P∞ n=u an from n = u to n = v, we introduce a change of variable m = n+(v−u) and perform similar manipulations as shown above. In the example above, u = 1 and v = 3. Let r be a non-zero constant. You are asked to reindex the series P∞ n=1 1 rn−1 from n = 1 to n = 0. What is the result of reindexing? Select one or more: a. P∞ n=0 1 rn+1 b. P∞ n=0 1 rn−1 c. P∞ n=0 1 rn

This is a short reading exercise on reindexing. There is no standard name to this operation. Some people call it shifting the summation. Consider the notation for a series P∞ n=1 an. The symbol n is called the index of summation. The lower bound of the series is 1 . If we write P∞ n=u bn, then the lower bound of the series is u. Reindexing means to change lower bound of the series without changing the series. For example, the series 1 + 1 4 + 1 9 + 1 16 + 1 25 + • • • can be written as P∞ n=1 1 n2 or P∞ n=3 1 (n−2)2 . Please verify this by writing down the first few terms of both series. Therefore, we have an equality between series X∞ n=1 1 n2 = X∞ n=3 1 (n − 2)2 Notice we DO NOT simply replace n = 1 by n = 3. The expression for the terms of the series also have to change for the equality to hold. To reindex by symbolic manipulation, we introduce a change of variable. In this example, we start with the series P∞ n=1 1 n2 . We wish to reindex from n = 1 to n = 3, meaning the lower bound of the series changes from n = 1 to n = 3 without changing the series. We introduce m = n + 2 (because m = 3 when n = 1 ). Isolate for n to get n = m − 2, and we replace every occurrence of n in the series by the expression on the right-hand side (which is m − 2 in this example). The series becomes X∞ n=1 1 n2 = X∞ m−2=1 1 (m − 2)2 ( replace n by m − 2) = X∞ m=3 1 (m − 2)2 ( reorganize the lower bound of summation) = X∞ n=3 1 (n − 2)2 (change m back to n ) In general, if we wish to reindex a series P∞ n=u an from n = u to n = v, we introduce a change of variable m = n+(v−u) and perform similar manipulations as shown above. In the example above, u = 1 and v = 3. Let r be a non-zero constant. You are asked to reindex the series P∞ n=1 1 rn−1 from n = 1 to n = 0. What is the result of reindexing? Select one or more: a. P∞ n=0 1 rn+1 b. P∞ n=0 1 rn−1 c. P∞ n=0 1 rn
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